Linxu-1U.net/Disks == ATA Specs
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ATA
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Protocol
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PIO/DMA modes
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DataTransferSpeed/Seconds
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ATA
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IDE
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PIO 0
PIO 1
PIO 2
Multi-word DMA
Mode 0
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3.3MBytes
5.2MBytes
8.3MBytes
4.2Mbytes
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ATA-2
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Fast ATA ( EIDE )
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PIO 3 -or-
Multi-word DMA Mode 1
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11.1Mbytes
13.3 MBytes
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ATA-3
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Fast ATA ( EIDE )
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PIO 4 or
Multi-word DMA Mode 2 or
UDMA 0
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16.6 MBytes
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ATA-4
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UltraATA-33
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UDMA Mode 2
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33.0 MBytes
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ATA-5
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UltraATA-66
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UDMA Mode 4
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66.0 MBytes
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ATA-6
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UltraATA-100
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UDMA Mode 5
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100.o MBytes
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ATA-7
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UltraATA-133
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UDMA Mode 6
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133.o MBytes
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Serial ATA 1x
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160.o MBytes
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Serial ATA 4x
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640.o MBytes
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- 16bit Data Bus width
- Maximum of 2 devices per IDE channel ( cable )
- Maximum cable length is 50cm, less for Ultra-66/100 or CRC errors will occur
- ATA-1 == maximum capacity up to 540MB disks
- ATA-2 == LBA mode ( maximum capcity up to 120GB disks ), solved the 1024 cylinder barrier
- ATA-3 == SMART Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology
- ATA-4 == ATAPI AT Attachment Program Interface ( ATA Packet Interface )
- ATA-5 == 80-Conductor IDE cables
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| BIOS Config |
- PIO Modes
- PCGuide.com
PIO Mode and Timing
- PIO data transfers requires the CPU to do all the data transfer
- PIO Mode 4 - 16.6 MB/sec data transfer
- PIO Mode 3 - 8.3 MB/sec data transfer
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- DMA Modes
- PCGuide.com
DMA Mode and Timing
- DMA Mode 4 - 66.o MB/sec data transfer
- DMA Mode 2 - 33.o MB/sec data transfer
- Multi-word DMA 2 - 16.6 MB/sec data transfer
- Multi-word DMA 1 - 8.3 MB/sec data transfer
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- BIOS & IDE Disk Capacity Barriers
Tue.nl Large-Disk-HOWTO - History of BIOS and IDE limits
TLDP.org Large-Disk-HOWTO - History of BIOS and IDE limits
Tue.nl Disk Limits
- CHS = Cylinders(Track), Heads, Sectors/Track
- E-CHS = Extended CHS
- LBA = Logical Block Address
- 504 MByte Disk Size Barrier ( IDE - ATA )
- BIOS that uses Int13 interface - ( no CHS translation )
- BIOS uses 8bit FAT
- Combined CHS Limitation/Restriction = 1024/16/63 == 504MB
BIOS Limits for CHS = 1024/256/63 ( 8GB )
IDE Limits for CHS = 65536/16/255 ( 136GB )
- 4 MByte Disk Size Barrier
- 8 GByte Disk Size Barrier ( Fast IDE - ATA-2 )
- CHS Translating BIOS ( Supports LBA )
- LBA mode solved the BIOS translation to break the 1024 cylinders barrier
- Combined LBA CHS Limitation/Restriction = 1024/255/63 == 8192MB
- P-CHS - Physical CHS used by the BIOS to access the disk
- L-CHS - Logical CHS used by the software applications
- Bit Shifting: L-Cyl = C/2 and L-Heads= 2*H
- LBA assisted method: Always 63 Sectors, Cyl/Heads
- 2 GByte Disk Size Barrier -- has 16bit FAT
- The 13th bit is needed to provide support for a drive having 4096 or more cylinders
- BIOS uses only the lower 12 bits of the 16-bit cylinder word ( 2GB limitation )
1023 cyl == 10-bits == 528Mb
2047 cyl == 11-bits == 1024MB
4095 cyl == 12-bits == 2048MB <<--
8191 cyl == 13-bits == 4096MB
16383 cyl == 14-bits == 8192MB
32767 cyl == 15-bits == 16384MB
65535 cyl == 16-bits == 32768MB
- 32 GByte Disk Size Barrier -- 16-bit FAT fully used
- 128 GByte Disk Size Barrier
- Uses only 28bits of 64-bit LBA
- 137 GB Disk Size barrier
- 2TeraByte Disk Size barrier -- 32bit FAT
- 144PetaByte Disk Size barrier -- 48bit FAT ( ATA-6 )
- BIOS IDE Limitions FAQs
- Hard Disk Software
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| Caution |
- Do NOT combine different protocol DMA devices the same ATA cable
Linux-1U.net/Tuning More Disk tuning options
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| Disk Failures |
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| IDE Drivers |
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| IDE Cable Specs |
LostCircuits.com cut in IDE cables
LostCircuits.com propagation delays
LostCircuits.com capacitance
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- The official length specifications:
FormFactors.org page 9 == up to 18"
Total cable length: 10" to 18"
Length between controller and first drive: 5" to 12"
Length between drives: 5" to 6"
So Why are there 24" and 36" long IDE cables ???
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- IDE Cable PinOut Definitions
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| ATA Specs |
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| ATA HW Code |
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| Other Specs |
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| Raid |
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